An illegal election?

The idea that the Governor General would be within her rights to refuse Harper’s…

by Andrew Coyne on Friday, August 29, 2008 7:09pm - 0 Comments

The idea that the Governor General would be within her rights to refuse Harper’s request for dissolution apparently has other adherents besides crankish magazine columnists. Indeed, constitutional scholar Errol Mendes, professor of law at the University of Ottawa and editor of the National Journal of Constitutional Law, argues Harper’s demand for a snap election may well be illegal:

Many of the powers of the prime minister and the Governor General are governed not by the written Constitution, but by constitutional conventions, including who has the right to dissolve Parliament and call for elections. Constitutional convention gives the prime minister only the right to advise the Governor General to call for dissolution of Parliament and thereby trigger an election. The Governor General has an uncontested residual power to deny a prime minister’s request for dissolution.

Constitutional conventions can be both entrenched in and overridden by statute law. That is precisely what the Conservatives did when they decided to constrain the conventional power of the prime minister to seek dissolution whenever he smelled political advantage to do so.

However, the fixed election law does not constrain the residual power of the Governor General…


To be sure, Mendes concedes, the King-Byng affair

demonstrates that the use of the conventional residual power by the Governor General contrary to the advice of the prime minister has the potential to cause political controversy and create trouble for the Crown in Canada… This precedent, while not a constitutional convention, would present a serious political hurdle for a Governor General to refuse to grant the request of a prime minister for dissolution, no matter how contrived.

Still,

Hiding under the political constraints of the Governor General’s residual power is nevertheless a violation of a statute. Some aggrieved citizen may even consider seeking court action to stop this legally dubious move.

And which particular aggrieved citizen might he have in mind?

If Prime Minister Stephen Harper forces a federal election in the coming days, a law professor at the University of Ottawa may go to court to challenge the legality of the election call.

“This is not about politics, this is about the rule of law in this country,” Errol Mendes told Sun Media…

He said he was “seriously contemplating” seeking a court injunction to try to stop such a move.

Stick around. This could get interesting…

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  • stephen p

    Further to Prof Mendes opinion, unlike most “Laws” C-16 does not proscribe penalties or restrictions in the event the “Law is Transgressed”.

    The only censure possible for “Breaking the Law” rests with the electorate who, by the very circumstances of the law being broken, are asked to confirm or reject through the ballot box the Governing Party who has broken the law.

    What relief could Mendes seek if he were to proceed as suggested? Nothing restricts the PM from requesting a writ be dropped. If the GG refuses to accept that advice, nothing prevents the PM from resigning office; there are NO MECHANISMS TO FORCE a Government to remain in power against its wishes.

    Faced with these two outcomes, the GG may invite another Party to form a Government or she may decide to accept the PM’s advice to call an election.

    So returning to Mendes dilemma, he would need to convince Federal Court that a Government, once summoned by GG to form a Government, is prevented from ever resigning save for the circumstances of a vote of non-confidence or the expiration of the term envisioned by C-16. Further Mendes would need to convince a court that the electorate should be denied their right to pass judgement on the decision of the Government to advance the date of an election before that specified in the C-16 regulations. For the courts to issue an injunction against the proceeding of the election requested in contravention of C-16, Mendes would need to demonstrate the irreparable harm that may be suffered by the electorate should the election proceed in advance of the date specified by C-16. The remedies he would seek would need to include enjoining Elections Canada from preparing for or holding the election on the “early” date specified by the GG.

    I doubt the courts will want to go fishing in these waters but if they do, I suspect PMSH will relish the opportunity to deal with this type of development.

  • T. Thwim

    The real problem is that the Conservatives themselves said otherwise, Barry. From the link R. Swenson provided we also have these quotes from Justice Minister Rob Nicholson:

    “All parties agreed with the principle that the timing of elections should not be left to the prime minister”

    “Rather than decisions about election dates being made behind closed doors, general election dates will be set in advance as prescribed by this bill.”

    “What we have, Mr. Speaker, is a situation where the Prime Minister is able to choose the date of the general election, not based on what is in the best interest of the country, but what is in the interest of his or her party.
    Bill C-16 will address this problem and will produce a number of other benefits.”

    “Instead of the governing party having the advantage of determining when the next election will take place – an advantage they may have over the other parties for several months – all parties will be on an equal footing.
    And it’s only fair that each party will have equal time to prepare for the next election and know when it will be.” (Harper’s most recent television ad come to mind, anyone?)

  • Cicero

    Mr. Coyne.

    The Official Opposition in Canada constantly threatens to defeat the government then runs away from every vote. In the meantime, opposition parties use their majority on parliamentary committies such as the ethics committee to only ask their witnesses to appear, but block witnesses that the Conservatives wish to invite. Do you consider this fair and appropriate? Is this not ‘disfunctional’?

    The fixed elections date bill can only be truly applied to a majority government which has control of the House and the parliamentary committes. By its very nature, a minority parliament makes a fixed election law redundant.
    You apparently think that opposition parties should have carte blanche to conduct themselves however they want in a minority parliament, yet you expect the government to be impotent in regards to any response.

    Using Errol Mendes as a reference is certainly questionable. This well-known Liberal apologist and financial backer should not be portrayed as as an expert since he is primarily concerned with supporting the Liberal agenda. He is not credible-period!

  • Barry6176

    Ref: iPhone “It should not matter what political strips Mr. Mendes is wearing” Maybe not, maybe no – but regardless, what political leanings a person wears (Conservative or Liberal) they should be made clear in the article if they are significant – I mean the guy was appointed to former Prime Minister Paul Martins Privy Council Office – that’s a fairly significant political stripe!

    How on earth can you expect an objective statement about the Conservatives from a committed Liberal? If this article had started “Long time Liberal supporter and former member of the Privy Council Office of PM Paul Martin, Errol Mendes thinks …” then I would take a whole different view of this piece – it is only responsible for the author of the article to mention it (IMO)

  • T. Thwim

    Mr. Cicero, the current government of Canada makes motions on any of its bills Confidence motions, thereby stifling any true debate or compromise to be had one them. They clog committees with a book of dirty tricks which includes the chair of the Procedure and House Affairs committee hiding from his job as chair because he does not agree with the democratic principle of “majority rule”.

    In addition, the current government made no mention, nor does the bill itself mention, any reference to it applying only in majority governments. In fact, their frequent references as to how the Bill allows for loss of confidence to occur shows that they were very aware that it would also apply during periods of Minority governments.

    I do not argue that the conservatives will be breaking the letter of the law, but the spirit of the law and their stated intent of the law certainly did include both minority and majority governments. That they have changed their minds now when it is politically expedient shows that once again the Conservatives are no better, nor different, from the Liberals — with the exception that the Conservatives promised they would be.

  • iPhone

    :– hi Barry6176

    OK, I do understand your point… and I can accept that, but but, this is sort of a technical dicussion and I am thinking that partisanship interests should not have a bearing on the outcome.

    I do not know about these things, but I am very much enjoying learning about this.

    :– stephen p

    Also thanks for your explanations. I am taking this in.

    ~

  • iPhone

    This is whining, I know…

    But everyone that is thinking about this issue now, knows that we are being ‘hood-winked’ here. We all of Canada’s big guns, politically speaking providing commentary on this topic.

    We have Mr. Harper attempting avoid parliament.

    This is just dis-honest. Is there not some way to just deal with this dishonesty. Set aside the technical aspects of this issue and deal with Mr. Harper’s complete disregard for Canadians?

    The expectant answer will be have an election and this leaves an unpleasant taste in our collective mouths.

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  • Geiseric the Lame

    Its not illegal. Harper IS having a crisis. Only thing is we’ll be the last to know what it is.

  • Tony

    Ridiculous. Usually you’re bang on Mr. Coyne but not this time.

    The law was always intended to take the power out of the PM’s hand in a majority. There’s a clause right in the law that still give the GG the power to dissolve and it was specifically put in ther for minority situations.

    Honestly, this isn’t that complicated. It’s time for an election, the House and the Committees are a joke and all parties are to blame. Legislation directly related to the throne speech (that passed) is going nowhere thanks to the Senate and this is the longest serving minority in history.

    Don’t buy the Liberal talking points Mr. Coyne.

  • Geiseric the Lame

    “The law was always intended to take the power out of the PM’s hand in a majority.”

    That’s crap. Read the Act. The changes have nothing to do with balance of power. Nothing.

  • Larry Smith

    With respect to the contention that the prof having been Privy Council and not PMO and therefore impartial, consider – hired by Martin, fired by Harper.

  • Jack Mitchell

    stephen p, great post.

  • http://deleted seaandthemountains

    If the conservatives want to avoid parliament under their own rule I think the opposition should facilitate that…… an opposition coalition of the Libs, Dippers and (and now a less than desirable, but still) Green….a coalition would potentially be stronger then the non-majority majority approach has been and Canadians might get more of the parliament and government they want (emphasis on collaboration over contestation)….

    I think that the opposition parties could hammer out at least a short-term 6-12 month feasible policy agenda… the environment; restoring some of the ongoing Harper arts cuts; undoing some earlier Harper cuts including the court challenges program; reversing the movement to industry self-reg in food inspections; fortifying Insite and a broader economic strategy that balances growth and human interest; setting out an agenda for aiding Aboriginal people (perhaps restoring the Kelowna accord; etc. etc…..

    in the absence of this we are destined to be in the exact same place the morning after the election…the margins will be about the same…and unless Mr Harper has been sitting on a well-developed agenda Parliament will still be focused on bickering on the same menial issues with the same narcissistic personality wars at play….I think this would be the most beneficial for Canadian democratic governance.

  • seaandthemountains

    Hi Larry…I appreciate this to be the case…notwithstanding this as far as accuracy goes in the earlier discussion…he worked at PCO.

    While it might be that he is a total hack…we don;t actually know…though he seems to have some bonafides (editor of the most salient journal on the matter)…and lots of individuals partisan or not serve at the pleasure of the sitting PM

  • Tony

    Geiseric the Lame – I was of course referring to the power to call an election when the situation suits the PM in a majority. Taking that power away from the PM (in a majority) is the ENTIRE point of the fixed election act.

    seaandthemountains – a Lib, Green and NDP coalition would be 126 seats, 1 less than the CPC. Even if they could form a majority together with an opposition coalition there would be little chance of it happening let alone when the coalition would still be the 2nd biggest party in the House. I’m not sure what the GG’s justification would be for allowing such an unusual move considering that this is the longest lasting minority ever.

  • seaandthemountains

    Sorry Tony in haste omitted 2/3 independents (Casey and Thibault the two most aligned with the proposed agenda in my post) …not sure if this alone changes your opinion or not but if not…

    but the GG does have a responsibility to consult to determine if any of the opposition leader can legit claim to govern with confidence… if (and admittedly this is a big if) I think she would have to oblige.

    like i said it is a big if: i just think it is the most desirable outcome (avoids the GG having to weigh a decision that technically has her choosing between outright refusing the PM or deciding to contravening a standing Canadian law) and the one I am rooting for

  • Geiseric the Lame

    Layton would never agree to it. It would be his demise.

  • Dot

    Boy, it must be nice being the leader of the Green Party,and on short notice, while in BC attending a wedding, skipping the speeches, and flying red-eye at the earliest possible time all the way back to Ottawa to hold a hastily called press conference, one presumes with male prop in tow.

    Nice, because as I we are often told by the Green Party Leader, air travel is one of the most environmentally damaging forms of transport in terms of GHG release.

    How much do you want to bet that the press conference prop soon flies back to the Sunshine Coast, and EM soon flies back to BC to pick-up her BC tour where she left off?

  • Dot

    oops, wrong blog -

  • seaandthemountains

    Geiseric- maybe but maybe it depends what he got out of it…he has survived propping of the LIbs once so far (martin budget)….also has seen willing to pony up to the Tories (which seems like a greater stretch from his base).

  • Geiseric the Lame

    If Layton hasn’t learned by now that sidedeals aren’t worth the bother he’s thicker than I thought. He’s not feeding the Conservatives, he’s attacking the Liberals. It’s what he does.

  • pete e

    fixed election dates are a good idea but only in a majority parliament. In a minority, the law simply gives the opposition the same opportunity to abuse power as the government had without the law.

  • T. Thwim

    Pete, that’s crap.
    There are limited opportunities for parliament to declare that it does not have confidence in the government, even in a minority parliament. Why do you think Mr. Harper was so incensed when Martin wouldn’t leave on his say-so? I mean.. other than it being Harper and his say-so..

  • Tony

    I kind of agree with Pete there. Harper was incensed with Martin during Martin’s brief tenure as PM because he was avoiding at all costs any opportunity for the then opposition CPC to declare non-confidence. Martin was terrified to go to the electorate just as Dion is now. Harper never has been and the Libs have had ample opportunity and have continually allowed Harper to govern.

    seaandthemountains – I see what you’re saying about the independants, though that does makes your already large IF even bigger. And the GG wouldn’t be contravening the law, it’s a minority. Honestly people, minority rules didn’t change with the new fixed election date law, it’s meant for majorities. Geiseric is right, Layton wouldn’t go for a coalition where he is the third most powerful leader. Though he is making ATM fees his main talking point so maybe I overestimate his political accumen.

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